Remove minutes ago parsing, use UTC timestamps directly

- Refactor TimeParsingService to parse time strings to UTC only
- Remove minutesAgo from RadarFrame and FrameMetadata models
- Update CaptureFramesStep to extract UTC timestamps directly
- Update CacheService to store/load ObservationTime instead of MinutesAgo
- Update BomRadarService to use AbsoluteObservationTime directly
- Remove all backward compatibility code for old cache folders
- Update documentation and test SPA to calculate minutes ago on client
- Fix step registration to register concrete types for DI resolution
- Fix hosted service registration to use reflection correctly

Extensions/ServiceCollectionExtensions.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,259 @@
+using BomLocalService.Services.Interfaces;
+using BomLocalService.Services.Interfaces.Registration;
+using BomLocalService.Services.Scraping;
+using Microsoft.Extensions.Configuration;
+using Microsoft.Extensions.DependencyInjection;
+using System.Reflection;
+
+namespace BomLocalService.Extensions;
+
+public static class ServiceCollectionExtensions
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Configures CORS with settings from configuration.
+    /// Configuration values come from appsettings.json (defaults) and can be overridden via environment variables.
+    /// Environment variables use double underscore for nested keys (e.g., CORS__ALLOWEDORIGINS).
+    /// </summary>
+    public static IServiceCollection AddCorsConfiguration(this IServiceCollection services, IConfiguration configuration)
+    {
+        var corsOrigins = configuration.GetValue<string>("Cors:AllowedOrigins")
+            ?? throw new InvalidOperationException("Cors:AllowedOrigins configuration is required. Set it in appsettings.json or via CORS__ALLOWEDORIGINS environment variable.");
+        var corsMethods = configuration.GetValue<string>("Cors:AllowedMethods")
+            ?? throw new InvalidOperationException("Cors:AllowedMethods configuration is required. Set it in appsettings.json or via CORS__ALLOWEDMETHODS environment variable.");
+        var corsHeaders = configuration.GetValue<string>("Cors:AllowedHeaders")
+            ?? throw new InvalidOperationException("Cors:AllowedHeaders configuration is required. Set it in appsettings.json or via CORS__ALLOWEDHEADERS environment variable.");
+
+        // For bool, check if the key exists in configuration (GetValue<bool> returns false if not found, which is ambiguous)
+        var corsAllowCredentialsKey = configuration["Cors:AllowCredentials"];
+        if (corsAllowCredentialsKey == null)
+        {
+            throw new InvalidOperationException("Cors:AllowCredentials configuration is required. Set it in appsettings.json or via CORS__ALLOWCREDENTIALS environment variable.");
+        }
+        var corsAllowCredentials = configuration.GetValue<bool>("Cors:AllowCredentials");
+
+        services.AddCors(options =>
+        {
+            options.AddDefaultPolicy(policy =>
+            {
+                if (corsOrigins == "*")
+                {
+                    policy.AllowAnyOrigin();
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    // Split comma-separated origins
+                    var origins = corsOrigins.Split(',', StringSplitOptions.RemoveEmptyEntries | StringSplitOptions.TrimEntries);
+                    policy.WithOrigins(origins);
+                }
+
+                // Split comma-separated methods
+                var methods = corsMethods.Split(',', StringSplitOptions.RemoveEmptyEntries | StringSplitOptions.TrimEntries);
+                policy.WithMethods(methods);
+
+                // Split comma-separated headers or allow all
+                if (corsHeaders == "*")
+                {
+                    policy.AllowAnyHeader();
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    var headers = corsHeaders.Split(',', StringSplitOptions.RemoveEmptyEntries | StringSplitOptions.TrimEntries);
+                    policy.WithHeaders(headers);
+                }
+
+                if (corsAllowCredentials)
+                {
+                    policy.AllowCredentials();
+                }
+            });
+        });
+
+        return services;
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Scans the assembly for services implementing registration interfaces and registers them automatically.
+    /// Services are registered as their concrete interface (that inherits from registration interface).
+    /// Properly handles generic interfaces by using concrete interfaces that hide the generics.
+    /// </summary>
+    public static IServiceCollection ScanAndRegisterServices(this IServiceCollection services, Assembly assembly)
+    {
+        var registeredTypes = new HashSet<Type>(); // Track registered types to avoid duplicates
+
+        // Get all types from the assembly with improved filtering
+        var types = GetRegisterableTypes(assembly);
+
+        // Register Singleton services
+        RegisterServicesByLifetime<ISingletonService>(
+            services, 
+            types, 
+            registeredTypes);
+
+        // Register Scoped services
+        RegisterServicesByLifetime<IScopedService>(
+            services, 
+            types, 
+            registeredTypes);
+
+        // Register Transient services
+        RegisterServicesByLifetime<ITransientService>(
+            services, 
+            types, 
+            registeredTypes);
+
+        // Register Hosted Services
+        RegisterHostedServices(services, types, registeredTypes);
+
+        return services;
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Gets all types that should be considered for registration.
+    /// Filters out abstract classes, interfaces, generic type definitions, nested private types,
+    /// compiler-generated types, and types from excluded namespaces.
+    /// </summary>
+    private static List<Type> GetRegisterableTypes(Assembly assembly)
+    {
+        return assembly.GetTypes()
+            .Where(t => 
+                // Must be a class (not interface, struct, enum, etc.)
+                t.IsClass
+                // Must be concrete (not abstract)
+                && !t.IsAbstract
+                // Must not be a generic type definition (but closed generics are OK)
+                && !t.IsGenericTypeDefinition
+                // Must be public (or nested public in a public type)
+                && (t.IsPublic || (t.IsNestedPublic && t.DeclaringType?.IsPublic == true))
+                // Must not be compiler-generated (e.g., async state machines, iterator classes)
+                && !t.IsDefined(typeof(System.Runtime.CompilerServices.CompilerGeneratedAttribute), inherit: false)
+                // Must not be a nested private/internal type
+                && !(t.IsNested && !t.IsNestedPublic)
+                // Exclude test namespaces if any (optional - adjust as needed)
+                && !t.Namespace?.StartsWith("BomLocalService.Tests", StringComparison.Ordinal) == true
+            )
+            .ToList();
+    }
+
+    private static void RegisterServicesByLifetime<TRegistrationInterface>(
+        IServiceCollection services,
+        List<Type> types,
+        HashSet<Type> registeredTypes)
+        where TRegistrationInterface : class
+    {
+        foreach (var implementationType in types)
+        {
+            // Skip if already registered
+            if (registeredTypes.Contains(implementationType))
+                continue;
+
+            // Get all interfaces implemented by this type
+            var allInterfaces = implementationType.GetInterfaces().ToList();
+
+            // Find interfaces that inherit from TRegistrationInterface (but not the registration interface itself)
+            var registrationInterfaces = allInterfaces
+                .Where(i => typeof(TRegistrationInterface).IsAssignableFrom(i) 
+                         && i != typeof(TRegistrationInterface)
+                         && !IsGenericTypeDefinition(i))
+                .ToList();
+
+            if (registrationInterfaces.Count == 0)
+                continue;
+
+            // For each registration interface, find the most specific concrete interface
+            // Priority: concrete interfaces (like IRadarScrapingWorkflow) over generic interfaces (like IWorkflow<T>)
+            foreach (var registrationInterface in registrationInterfaces)
+            {
+                // Skip if this is a generic interface definition (we prefer concrete interfaces)
+                if (registrationInterface.IsGenericTypeDefinition)
+                    continue;
+
+                // Check if this interface is already registered to avoid duplicates
+                var alreadyRegistered = services.Any(s => 
+                    s.ServiceType == registrationInterface && 
+                    s.ImplementationType == implementationType);
+
+                if (alreadyRegistered)
+                    continue;
+
+                // Determine lifetime based on registration interface
+                var lifetime = GetLifetime<TRegistrationInterface>();
+
+                // Register the service by interface
+                if (lifetime == ServiceLifetime.Singleton)
+                {
+                    services.AddSingleton(registrationInterface, implementationType);
+                    // Also register as concrete type for direct resolution (e.g., for ScrapingStepRegistry)
+                    services.AddSingleton(implementationType);
+                }
+                else if (lifetime == ServiceLifetime.Scoped)
+                {
+                    services.AddScoped(registrationInterface, implementationType);
+                    services.AddScoped(implementationType);
+                }
+                else if (lifetime == ServiceLifetime.Transient)
+                {
+                    services.AddTransient(registrationInterface, implementationType);
+                    services.AddTransient(implementationType);
+                }
+
+                registeredTypes.Add(implementationType);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static bool IsGenericTypeDefinition(Type type)
+    {
+        return type.IsGenericTypeDefinition || 
+               (type.IsGenericType && type.GetGenericTypeDefinition() == type);
+    }
+
+    private static ServiceLifetime GetLifetime<TRegistrationInterface>()
+        where TRegistrationInterface : class
+    {
+        if (typeof(ISingletonService).IsAssignableFrom(typeof(TRegistrationInterface)))
+            return ServiceLifetime.Singleton;
+        if (typeof(IScopedService).IsAssignableFrom(typeof(TRegistrationInterface)))
+            return ServiceLifetime.Scoped;
+        if (typeof(ITransientService).IsAssignableFrom(typeof(TRegistrationInterface)))
+            return ServiceLifetime.Transient;
+        
+        throw new InvalidOperationException($"Unknown registration interface: {typeof(TRegistrationInterface).Name}");
+    }
+
+    private static void RegisterHostedServices(
+        IServiceCollection services,
+        List<Type> types,
+        HashSet<Type> registeredTypes)
+    {
+        foreach (var type in types)
+        {
+            // Skip if already registered
+            if (registeredTypes.Contains(type))
+                continue;
+
+            // Check if it's a BackgroundService that implements IHostedServiceRegistration
+            if (typeof(Microsoft.Extensions.Hosting.BackgroundService).IsAssignableFrom(type) &&
+                typeof(IHostedServiceRegistration).IsAssignableFrom(type))
+            {
+                // Check if already registered
+                var alreadyRegistered = services.Any(s => 
+                    s.ServiceType == typeof(Microsoft.Extensions.Hosting.IHostedService) && 
+                    s.ImplementationType == type);
+
+                if (!alreadyRegistered)
+                {
+                    // Use AddHostedService via reflection - this is the recommended way
+                    // It properly handles lifecycle management for hosted services
+                    // AddHostedService<T> is generic, so we need to call it via reflection
+                    var addHostedServiceMethod = typeof(Microsoft.Extensions.DependencyInjection.ServiceCollectionHostedServiceExtensions)
+                        .GetMethod(nameof(Microsoft.Extensions.DependencyInjection.ServiceCollectionHostedServiceExtensions.AddHostedService), 
+                            new[] { typeof(IServiceCollection) })!
+                        .MakeGenericMethod(type);
+                    addHostedServiceMethod.Invoke(null, new object[] { services });
+                    registeredTypes.Add(type);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+

Models/FrameMetadata.cs

@@ -11,8 +11,9 @@ public class FrameMetadata
     public int FrameIndex { get; set; }
     
     /// <summary>
-    /// Number of minutes ago this frame represents (40, 35, 30, 25, 20, 15, 10).
+    /// The absolute UTC observation time for this frame.
+    /// Parsed directly from the frame display label during capture.
     /// </summary>
-    public int MinutesAgo { get; set; }
+    public DateTime ObservationTime { get; set; }
 }
 

Models/RadarFrame.cs

@@ -2,22 +2,14 @@ namespace BomLocalService.Models;
 
 /// <summary>
 /// Represents a single radar frame (historical precipitation data).
-/// Frame 0 is oldest (40 minutes ago), Frame 6 is newest (10 minutes ago).
 /// Radar frames can be joined across cache folders to create extended historical slideshows.
 /// </summary>
 public class RadarFrame : CachedFrame
 {
-    /// <summary>
-    /// Number of minutes ago this frame represents (40, 35, 30, 25, 20, 15, 10).
-    /// Frame 0 = 40 minutes ago, Frame 6 = 10 minutes ago.
-    /// This is relative to the cache folder's observation time.
-    /// </summary>
-    public int MinutesAgo { get; set; }
-    
     /// <summary>
     /// The absolute UTC observation time for this frame.
-    /// Calculated as: ObservationTime - MinutesAgo.
+    /// Parsed directly from the frame display label during capture.
-    /// This is set when frames are joined across cache folders in timeseries responses.
+    /// Client calculates "minutes ago" dynamically from this timestamp.
     /// </summary>
     public DateTime? AbsoluteObservationTime { get; set; }
     

Models/RadarResponse.cs

@@ -8,7 +8,8 @@ public class RadarResponse
 {
     /// <summary>
     /// List of all captured frames (typically 7 frames: 0-6).
-    /// Frame 0 is oldest (40 minutes ago), Frame 6 is newest (10 minutes ago).
+    /// Each frame contains an absoluteObservationTime UTC timestamp.
+    /// Client should calculate "minutes ago" dynamically from the timestamp.
     /// </summary>
     public List<RadarFrame> Frames { get; set; } = new();
 

Program.cs

@@ -1,12 +1,6 @@
-using BomLocalService.Services;
+using BomLocalService.Extensions;
 using BomLocalService.Services.Interfaces;
 using BomLocalService.Services.Scraping;
-using BomLocalService.Services.Scraping.Steps.Navigation;
-using BomLocalService.Services.Scraping.Steps.Search;
-using BomLocalService.Services.Scraping.Steps.Map;
-using BomLocalService.Services.Scraping.Steps.Metadata;
-using BomLocalService.Services.Scraping.Steps.Capture;
-using BomLocalService.Services.Scraping.Workflows;
 
 var builder = WebApplication.CreateBuilder(args);
 
@@ -17,100 +11,10 @@ builder.Services.AddEndpointsApiExplorer();
 builder.Services.AddHealthChecks();
 
 // Configure CORS - MUST be added before other services
-// Configuration values come from appsettings.json (defaults) and can be overridden via environment variables
+builder.Services.AddCorsConfiguration(builder.Configuration);
-// Environment variables use double underscore for nested keys (e.g., CORS__ALLOWEDORIGINS)
-var corsOrigins = builder.Configuration.GetValue<string>("Cors:AllowedOrigins")
-    ?? throw new InvalidOperationException("Cors:AllowedOrigins configuration is required. Set it in appsettings.json or via CORS__ALLOWEDORIGINS environment variable.");
-var corsMethods = builder.Configuration.GetValue<string>("Cors:AllowedMethods")
-    ?? throw new InvalidOperationException("Cors:AllowedMethods configuration is required. Set it in appsettings.json or via CORS__ALLOWEDMETHODS environment variable.");
-var corsHeaders = builder.Configuration.GetValue<string>("Cors:AllowedHeaders")
-    ?? throw new InvalidOperationException("Cors:AllowedHeaders configuration is required. Set it in appsettings.json or via CORS__ALLOWEDHEADERS environment variable.");
 
-// For bool, check if the key exists in configuration (GetValue<bool> returns false if not found, which is ambiguous)
+// Register all services via assembly scanning
-var corsAllowCredentialsKey = builder.Configuration["Cors:AllowCredentials"];
+builder.Services.ScanAndRegisterServices(typeof(Program).Assembly);
-if (corsAllowCredentialsKey == null)
-{
-    throw new InvalidOperationException("Cors:AllowCredentials configuration is required. Set it in appsettings.json or via CORS__ALLOWCREDENTIALS environment variable.");
-}
-var corsAllowCredentials = builder.Configuration.GetValue<bool>("Cors:AllowCredentials");
-
-builder.Services.AddCors(options =>
-{
-    options.AddDefaultPolicy(policy =>
-    {
-        if (corsOrigins == "*")
-        {
-            policy.AllowAnyOrigin();
-        }
-        else
-        {
-            // Split comma-separated origins
-            var origins = corsOrigins.Split(',', StringSplitOptions.RemoveEmptyEntries | StringSplitOptions.TrimEntries);
-            policy.WithOrigins(origins);
-        }
-
-        // Split comma-separated methods
-        var methods = corsMethods.Split(',', StringSplitOptions.RemoveEmptyEntries | StringSplitOptions.TrimEntries);
-        policy.WithMethods(methods);
-
-        // Split comma-separated headers or allow all
-        if (corsHeaders == "*")
-        {
-            policy.AllowAnyHeader();
-        }
-        else
-        {
-            var headers = corsHeaders.Split(',', StringSplitOptions.RemoveEmptyEntries | StringSplitOptions.TrimEntries);
-            policy.WithHeaders(headers);
-        }
-
-        if (corsAllowCredentials)
-        {
-            policy.AllowCredentials();
-        }
-    });
-});
-
-// Register core services via interfaces (order matters - dependencies must be registered first)
-builder.Services.AddSingleton<IDebugService, DebugService>();
-builder.Services.AddSingleton<ICacheService, CacheService>();
-builder.Services.AddSingleton<ITimeParsingService, TimeParsingService>();
-builder.Services.AddSingleton<IBrowserService, BrowserService>();
-builder.Services.AddSingleton<ISelectorService, SelectorService>();
-
-// Register scraping step registry
-builder.Services.AddSingleton<IScrapingStepRegistry, ScrapingStepRegistry>();
-
-// Register all scraping steps
-builder.Services.AddScoped<NavigateHomepageStep>();
-builder.Services.AddScoped<ClickSearchButtonStep>();
-builder.Services.AddScoped<FillSearchInputStep>();
-builder.Services.AddScoped<WaitForSearchResultsStep>();
-builder.Services.AddScoped<SelectSearchResultStep>();
-builder.Services.AddScoped<ClickRadarLinkStep>();
-builder.Services.AddScoped<WaitForMapReadyStep>();
-builder.Services.AddScoped<PauseRadarStep>();
-builder.Services.AddScoped<ResetToFirstFrameStep>();
-builder.Services.AddScoped<ExtractMetadataStep>();
-builder.Services.AddScoped<CalculateMapBoundsStep>();
-builder.Services.AddScoped<CaptureFramesStep>();
-
-// Register workflows
-builder.Services.AddScoped<RadarScrapingWorkflow>();
-builder.Services.AddScoped<TemperatureMapWorkflow>();
-
-// Register workflow factory
-builder.Services.AddSingleton<IWorkflowFactory, WorkflowFactory>();
-
-// Register scraping service (depends on workflow factory)
-builder.Services.AddSingleton<IScrapingService, ScrapingService>();
-
-// Register BOM Radar Service as singleton (orchestrator, depends on all above services)
-builder.Services.AddSingleton<IBomRadarService, BomLocalService.Services.BomRadarService>();
-
-// Register background services (order matters - management service needs radar service)
-builder.Services.AddHostedService<CacheCleanupService>();
-builder.Services.AddHostedService<CacheManagementService>();
 
 var app = builder.Build();
 
@@ -142,24 +46,6 @@ app.MapControllers();
 // Map health check endpoint for Docker health monitoring
 app.MapHealthChecks("/api/health");
 
-// Auto-register all scraping steps in the registry
-var stepRegistry = app.Services.GetRequiredService<IScrapingStepRegistry>();
-var stepTypes = typeof(IScrapingStep).Assembly.GetTypes()
-    .Where(t => typeof(IScrapingStep).IsAssignableFrom(t) && !t.IsInterface && !t.IsAbstract && !t.IsGenericType);
-foreach (var stepType in stepTypes)
-{
-    try
-    {
-        var step = (IScrapingStep)ActivatorUtilities.CreateInstance(app.Services, stepType);
-        stepRegistry.RegisterStep(step);
-    }
-    catch (Exception ex)
-    {
-        var logger = app.Services.GetRequiredService<ILogger<Program>>();
-        logger.LogWarning(ex, "Failed to register step {StepType}", stepType.Name);
-    }
-}
-
 // Cleanup incomplete cache folders from previous crashes/restarts before starting services
 var cacheService = app.Services.GetRequiredService<ICacheService>();
 var deletedCount = cacheService.CleanupIncompleteCacheFolders();

README.md

@@ -523,8 +523,7 @@ GET /api/radar/{suburb}/{state}
     {
       "frameIndex": 0,
       "imageUrl": "/api/radar/Brisbane/QLD/frame/0",
-      "minutesAgo": 0,
+      "absoluteObservationTime": "2025-01-15T10:00:00Z"
-      "observationTime": "2025-01-15T10:00:00Z"
     }
   ],
   "observationTime": "2025-01-15T10:00:00Z",
@@ -539,7 +538,7 @@ GET /api/radar/{suburb}/{state}
 ```
 
 **Response Fields:**
-- `frames`: Array of radar frame objects with image URLs and timing information
+- `frames`: Array of radar frame objects with image URLs. Each frame contains `absoluteObservationTime` (UTC timestamp). Client should calculate "minutes ago" dynamically from this timestamp.
 - `observationTime`: UTC timestamp when the observation was made
 - `forecastTime`: UTC timestamp for the forecast
 - `weatherStation`: Name of the weather station
@@ -669,8 +668,7 @@ GET /api/radar/{suburb}/{state}/timeseries?startTime={iso8601}&endTime={iso8601}
         {
           "frameIndex": 0,
           "imageUrl": "/api/radar/Brisbane/QLD/frame/0?cacheFolder=Brisbane_QLD_20250115_100000",
-          "absoluteObservationTime": "2025-01-15T10:00:00Z",
+          "absoluteObservationTime": "2025-01-15T10:00:00Z"
-          "minutesAgo": 0
         }
       ]
     }
@@ -1008,7 +1006,10 @@ if (radarData.frames && radarData.frames.length > 0) {
     
     // Or loop through all frames for animation
     radarData.frames.forEach((frame, index) => {
-        console.log(`Frame ${index}: ${frame.imageUrl} (${frame.minutesAgo} min ago)`);
+        const minutesAgo = frame.absoluteObservationTime 
+            ? Math.round((Date.now() - new Date(frame.absoluteObservationTime).getTime()) / 60000)
+            : null;
+        console.log(`Frame ${index}: ${frame.imageUrl}${minutesAgo !== null ? ` (${minutesAgo} min ago)` : ''}`);
     });
 }
 ```

Services/BomRadarService.cs

@@ -519,32 +519,27 @@ public class BomRadarService : IBomRadarService, IDisposable
             
             if (radarFrames.Count > 0)
             {
-                // Generate URLs and calculate absolute observation times for each frame
+                // Generate URLs and filter frames by unique absolute observation times
                 var uniqueFrames = new List<RadarFrame>();
                 
                 foreach (var frame in radarFrames)
                 {
                     frame.ImageUrl = $"/api/radar/{encodedSuburb}/{encodedState}/frame/{frame.FrameIndex}?cacheFolder={Uri.EscapeDataString(folderInfo.FolderName)}";
                     
-                    // Calculate absolute observation time for this frame
+                    // Use absolute observation time directly (already set during capture)
-                    // minutesAgo is relative to the cache folder's observation time
+                    // Only include frames with unique absolute observation times
-                    // Validate that ObservationTime is reasonable (not default/min value)
+                    // Since we process folders newest-first, this ensures we keep frames from the most recent cache folder
-                    if (folderInfo.ObservationTime > DateTime.MinValue.AddYears(1) && frame.MinutesAgo >= 0)
+                    if (frame.AbsoluteObservationTime.HasValue && 
+                        frame.AbsoluteObservationTime.Value > DateTime.MinValue.AddYears(1) &&
+                        !seenAbsoluteTimes.Contains(frame.AbsoluteObservationTime.Value))
                     {
-                        frame.AbsoluteObservationTime = folderInfo.ObservationTime.AddMinutes(-frame.MinutesAgo);
+                        seenAbsoluteTimes.Add(frame.AbsoluteObservationTime.Value);
-                        
+                        uniqueFrames.Add(frame);
-                        // Only include frames with unique absolute observation times
-                        // Since we process folders newest-first, this ensures we keep frames from the most recent cache folder
-                        if (frame.AbsoluteObservationTime.HasValue && !seenAbsoluteTimes.Contains(frame.AbsoluteObservationTime.Value))
-                        {
-                            seenAbsoluteTimes.Add(frame.AbsoluteObservationTime.Value);
-                            uniqueFrames.Add(frame);
-                        }
                     }
-                    else
+                    else if (!frame.AbsoluteObservationTime.HasValue)
                     {
-                        _logger.LogWarning("Skipping frame {FrameIndex} from folder {FolderName}: Invalid ObservationTime ({ObservationTime}) or MinutesAgo ({MinutesAgo})", 
+                        _logger.LogWarning("Skipping frame {FrameIndex} from folder {FolderName}: Missing AbsoluteObservationTime", 
-                            frame.FrameIndex, folderInfo.FolderName, folderInfo.ObservationTime, frame.MinutesAgo);
+                            frame.FrameIndex, folderInfo.FolderName);
                     }
                 }
                 

Services/CacheCleanupService.cs

@@ -1,9 +1,10 @@
+using BomLocalService.Services.Interfaces.Registration;
 using BomLocalService.Utilities;
 using Microsoft.Extensions.Hosting;
 
 namespace BomLocalService.Services;
 
-public class CacheCleanupService : BackgroundService
+public class CacheCleanupService : BackgroundService, IHostedServiceRegistration
 {
     private readonly ILogger<CacheCleanupService> _logger;
     private readonly string _cacheDirectory;

Services/CacheManagementService.cs

@@ -1,10 +1,11 @@
 using BomLocalService.Services.Interfaces;
+using BomLocalService.Services.Interfaces.Registration;
 using BomLocalService.Utilities;
 using Microsoft.Extensions.Hosting;
 
 namespace BomLocalService.Services;
 
-public class CacheManagementService : BackgroundService
+public class CacheManagementService : BackgroundService, IHostedServiceRegistration
 {
     private readonly ILogger<CacheManagementService> _logger;
     private readonly IBomRadarService _bomRadarService;

Services/CacheService.cs

@@ -154,18 +154,18 @@ public class CacheService : ICacheService
             return null;
         }
         
-        // Load frame metadata to get accurate minutesAgo
+        // Load frame metadata to get observation time
         var framesMetadata = await LoadFramesMetadataAsync(cacheFolderPath, CachedDataType.Radar, cancellationToken);
         var frameMetadata = framesMetadata.FirstOrDefault(f => f.FrameIndex == frameIndex);
-        var minutesAgo = frameMetadata != null 
+        var observationTime = frameMetadata?.ObservationTime > DateTime.MinValue.AddYears(1) 
-            ? frameMetadata.MinutesAgo 
+            ? frameMetadata.ObservationTime 
-            : 40 - (frameIndex * 5);
+            : (DateTime?)null;
             
         return new RadarFrame
         {
             FrameIndex = frameIndex,
             ImagePath = framePath,
-            MinutesAgo = minutesAgo
+            AbsoluteObservationTime = observationTime
         };
     }
 
@@ -200,7 +200,7 @@ public class CacheService : ICacheService
             var framesMetadata = frames.Select(f => new FrameMetadata
             {
                 FrameIndex = f.FrameIndex,
-                MinutesAgo = f.MinutesAgo
+                ObservationTime = f.AbsoluteObservationTime ?? throw new InvalidOperationException($"Frame {f.FrameIndex} missing AbsoluteObservationTime")
             }).ToList();
             
             var framesPath = FilePathHelper.GetFramesMetadataFilePath(cacheFolderPath, dataType);
@@ -424,7 +424,8 @@ public class CacheService : ICacheService
         
         // Load frame metadata from frames.json if available
         var framesMetadata = await LoadFramesMetadataAsync(folderPath, dataType, cancellationToken);
-        var metadataDict = framesMetadata.ToDictionary(f => f.FrameIndex, f => f.MinutesAgo);
+        var metadataDict = framesMetadata.Where(f => f.ObservationTime > DateTime.MinValue.AddYears(1))
+            .ToDictionary(f => f.FrameIndex, f => f.ObservationTime);
         
         // Load frames from data type subfolder
         for (int i = 0; i < frameCount; i++)
@@ -434,15 +435,13 @@ public class CacheService : ICacheService
             {
                 if (dataType == CachedDataType.Radar)
                 {
-                    var minutesAgo = metadataDict.ContainsKey(i) 
+                    var observationTime = metadataDict.ContainsKey(i) ? metadataDict[i] : (DateTime?)null;
-                        ? metadataDict[i] 
-                        : 40 - (i * 5);
                     
                     frames.Add(new RadarFrame
                     {
                         FrameIndex = i,
                         ImagePath = framePath,
-                        MinutesAgo = minutesAgo
+                        AbsoluteObservationTime = observationTime
                     });
                 }
                 else

Services/Interfaces/IBomRadarService.cs

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 using BomLocalService.Models;
+using BomLocalService.Services.Interfaces.Registration;
 
 namespace BomLocalService.Services.Interfaces;
 
@@ -6,7 +7,7 @@ namespace BomLocalService.Services.Interfaces;
 /// Main service interface for BOM radar screenshot operations.
 /// Orchestrates cache management, browser automation, and web scraping to provide radar screenshots for Australian locations.
 /// </summary>
-public interface IBomRadarService
+public interface IBomRadarService : ISingletonService
 {
     /// <summary>
     /// Gets cached radar data for a location.

Services/Interfaces/IBrowserService.cs

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+using BomLocalService.Services.Interfaces.Registration;
 using Microsoft.Playwright;
 
 namespace BomLocalService.Services.Interfaces;
@@ -6,7 +7,7 @@ namespace BomLocalService.Services.Interfaces;
 /// Service interface for managing Playwright browser instances and automation.
 /// Handles browser lifecycle, context creation, and anti-detection measures for web scraping.
 /// </summary>
-public interface IBrowserService : IDisposable
+public interface IBrowserService : ISingletonService, IDisposable
 {
     /// <summary>
     /// Creates a new browser context with proper configuration for BOM website scraping.

Services/Interfaces/ICacheService.cs

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 using BomLocalService.Models;
+using BomLocalService.Services.Interfaces.Registration;
 
 namespace BomLocalService.Services.Interfaces;
 
@@ -6,7 +7,7 @@ namespace BomLocalService.Services.Interfaces;
 /// Service interface for managing cached radar screenshot files and metadata.
 /// Handles file system operations for storing and retrieving cached BOM radar screenshots.
 /// </summary>
-public interface ICacheService
+public interface ICacheService : ISingletonService
 {
     /// <summary>
     /// Gets the cached screenshot folder path and associated metadata for a location and data type.
@@ -90,7 +91,7 @@ public interface ICacheService
     Task SaveMetadataAsync(string cacheFolderPath, LastUpdatedInfo metadata, CancellationToken cancellationToken = default);
     
     /// <summary>
-    /// Saves frame metadata (frame index and minutes ago) to a frames.json file in the data type subfolder.
+    /// Saves frame metadata (frame index and observation time) to a frames.json file in the data type subfolder.
     /// </summary>
     /// <param name="cacheFolderPath">Full path to the cache folder</param>
     /// <param name="dataType">The type of cached data</param>

Services/Interfaces/IDebugService.cs

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+using BomLocalService.Services.Interfaces.Registration;
 using Microsoft.Playwright;
 
 namespace BomLocalService.Services.Interfaces;
@@ -6,7 +7,7 @@ namespace BomLocalService.Services.Interfaces;
 /// Service interface for debug file generation during web scraping operations.
 /// When enabled, saves screenshots, HTML, console logs, and network request information for troubleshooting.
 /// </summary>
-public interface IDebugService
+public interface IDebugService : ISingletonService
 {
     /// <summary>
     /// Indicates whether debug mode is enabled.

Services/Interfaces/IScrapingService.cs

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 using BomLocalService.Models;
+using BomLocalService.Services.Interfaces.Registration;
 using Microsoft.Playwright;
 
 namespace BomLocalService.Services.Interfaces;
@@ -7,7 +8,7 @@ namespace BomLocalService.Services.Interfaces;
 /// Service interface for scraping radar screenshots from the BOM website.
 /// Orchestrates the multi-step process of navigating BOM, finding locations, and capturing radar screenshots.
 /// </summary>
-public interface IScrapingService
+public interface IScrapingService : ISingletonService
 {
     /// <summary>
     /// Scrapes a radar screenshot from the BOM website for a given location.

Services/Interfaces/ISelectorService.cs

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 using BomLocalService.Models;
+using BomLocalService.Services.Interfaces.Registration;
 using Microsoft.Playwright;
 
 namespace BomLocalService.Services.Interfaces;
@@ -6,7 +7,7 @@ namespace BomLocalService.Services.Interfaces;
 /// <summary>
 /// Service for finding page elements using configured selectors
 /// </summary>
-public interface ISelectorService
+public interface ISelectorService : ISingletonService
 {
     /// <summary>
     /// Finds an element using the configured selectors, trying each in order until one is found

Services/Interfaces/ITimeParsingService.cs

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 using BomLocalService.Models;
+using BomLocalService.Services.Interfaces.Registration;
 using Microsoft.Playwright;
 
 namespace BomLocalService.Services.Interfaces;
@@ -7,7 +8,7 @@ namespace BomLocalService.Services.Interfaces;
 /// Service interface for parsing time and metadata information from BOM website content.
 /// Extracts observation times, forecast times, weather station names, and distances from BOM weather map pages.
 /// </summary>
-public interface ITimeParsingService
+public interface ITimeParsingService : ISingletonService
 {
     /// <summary>
     /// Extracts last updated information from a BOM weather map page.

Services/Interfaces/Registration/IServiceRegistration.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+namespace BomLocalService.Services.Interfaces.Registration;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Marker interface for services that should be registered as Singleton
+/// </summary>
+public interface ISingletonService
+{
+}
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Marker interface for services that should be registered as Scoped
+/// </summary>
+public interface IScopedService
+{
+}
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Marker interface for services that should be registered as Transient
+/// </summary>
+public interface ITransientService
+{
+}
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Marker interface for hosted services (BackgroundService implementations)
+/// </summary>
+public interface IHostedServiceRegistration
+{
+}
+

Services/Scraping/IScrapingStep.cs

@@ -1,9 +1,12 @@
+using BomLocalService.Services.Interfaces.Registration;
+
 namespace BomLocalService.Services.Scraping;
 
 /// <summary>
 /// Interface for a single scraping step
+/// Steps are stateless (all request data is in ScrapingContext), so singleton lifetime is appropriate
 /// </summary>
-public interface IScrapingStep
+public interface IScrapingStep : ISingletonService
 {
     /// <summary>
     /// Unique name of the step

Services/Scraping/IScrapingStepRegistry.cs

@@ -1,9 +1,11 @@
+using BomLocalService.Services.Interfaces.Registration;
+
 namespace BomLocalService.Services.Scraping;
 
 /// <summary>
 /// Registry for managing scraping steps
 /// </summary>
-public interface IScrapingStepRegistry
+public interface IScrapingStepRegistry : ISingletonService
 {
     void RegisterStep(IScrapingStep step);
     IScrapingStep? GetStep(string name);

Services/Scraping/IWorkflowFactory.cs

@@ -1,9 +1,11 @@
+using BomLocalService.Services.Interfaces.Registration;
+
 namespace BomLocalService.Services.Scraping;
 
 /// <summary>
 /// Factory for creating workflows
 /// </summary>
-public interface IWorkflowFactory
+public interface IWorkflowFactory : ISingletonService
 {
     IWorkflow<TResponse> GetWorkflow<TResponse>(string name);
 }

Services/Scraping/ScrapingStepRegistry.cs

@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+using System.Reflection;
+
 namespace BomLocalService.Services.Scraping;
 
 public class ScrapingStepRegistry : IScrapingStepRegistry
@@ -5,9 +7,33 @@ public class ScrapingStepRegistry : IScrapingStepRegistry
     private readonly Dictionary<string, IScrapingStep> _steps = new();
     private readonly ILogger<ScrapingStepRegistry> _logger;
     
-    public ScrapingStepRegistry(ILogger<ScrapingStepRegistry> logger)
+    public ScrapingStepRegistry(ILogger<ScrapingStepRegistry> logger, IServiceProvider serviceProvider)
     {
         _logger = logger;
+        AutoRegisterSteps(serviceProvider);
+    }
+    
+    private void AutoRegisterSteps(IServiceProvider serviceProvider)
+    {
+        var stepTypes = typeof(IScrapingStep).Assembly.GetTypes()
+            .Where(t => typeof(IScrapingStep).IsAssignableFrom(t) 
+                     && !t.IsInterface 
+                     && !t.IsAbstract 
+                     && !t.IsGenericType);
+        
+        foreach (var stepType in stepTypes)
+        {
+            try
+            {
+                // Use DI to resolve the step (ensures proper dependency injection)
+                var step = (IScrapingStep)serviceProvider.GetRequiredService(stepType);
+                RegisterStep(step);
+            }
+            catch (Exception ex)
+            {
+                _logger.LogWarning(ex, "Failed to auto-register step {StepType}", stepType.Name);
+            }
+        }
     }
     
     public void RegisterStep(IScrapingStep step)

Services/Scraping/Steps/Capture/CaptureFramesStep.cs

@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ public class CaptureFramesStep : BaseScrapingStep
             
             var frames = new List<RadarFrame>();
             var stepForwardButton = SelectorService.GetLocator(context.Page, Selectors.StepForwardButton);
-            int? previousMinutesAgo = null;
+            DateTime? previousTimestamp = null;
             
             for (int frameIndex = 0; frameIndex < frameCount; frameIndex++)
             {
@@ -90,37 +90,48 @@ public class CaptureFramesStep : BaseScrapingStep
                 // This is especially important for frame 0 which was just selected in ResetToFirstFrame
                 await context.Page.WaitForTimeoutAsync(300);
                 
-                // Try extracting with a retry in case the label is still updating
+                // Try extracting timestamp with a retry in case the label is still updating
-                var minutesAgo = await ExtractMinutesAgoFromDisplayAsync(context.Page);
+                var frameTimestamp = await ExtractTimestampFromDisplayAsync(context.Page);
-                if (minutesAgo == null)
+                if (frameTimestamp == null)
                 {
                     // Retry once after a short wait in case label was updating
                     await context.Page.WaitForTimeoutAsync(200);
-                    minutesAgo = await ExtractMinutesAgoFromDisplayAsync(context.Page);
+                    frameTimestamp = await ExtractTimestampFromDisplayAsync(context.Page);
-                }
-                if (minutesAgo == null && context.FrameInfo != null && frameIndex < context.FrameInfo.Count)
-                {
-                    var (_, defaultMinutesAgo) = context.FrameInfo[frameIndex];
-                    minutesAgo = defaultMinutesAgo;
-                    Logger.LogWarning("Step {Step}: Failed to extract minutes from display label for frame {FrameIndex}, using default: {MinutesAgo}", Name, frameIndex, minutesAgo);
                 }
                 
-                if (frameIndex > 0 && previousMinutesAgo.HasValue && minutesAgo == previousMinutesAgo.Value)
+                // Fallback: calculate expected timestamp from observation time and frame index if we can't parse it
+                if (frameTimestamp == null && context.LastUpdatedInfo?.ObservationTime != null && context.FrameInfo != null && frameIndex < context.FrameInfo.Count)
                 {
-                    Logger.LogWarning("Step {Step}: Frame {FrameIndex} has same minutesAgo ({MinutesAgo}) as previous frame. Waiting for display to update...", Name, frameIndex, minutesAgo);
+                    var (_, defaultMinutesAgo) = context.FrameInfo[frameIndex];
-                    await WaitForDisplayLabelToChangeAsync(context.Page, previousMinutesAgo.Value);
+                    frameTimestamp = context.LastUpdatedInfo.ObservationTime.AddMinutes(-defaultMinutesAgo);
-                    minutesAgo = await ExtractMinutesAgoFromDisplayAsync(context.Page);
+                    Logger.LogWarning("Step {Step}: Failed to extract timestamp from display label for frame {FrameIndex}, calculated from observation time: {Timestamp}", 
-                    if (minutesAgo == null || minutesAgo == previousMinutesAgo.Value)
+                        Name, frameIndex, frameTimestamp);
+                }
+                
+                if (frameIndex > 0 && previousTimestamp.HasValue && frameTimestamp == previousTimestamp.Value)
+                {
+                    Logger.LogWarning("Step {Step}: Frame {FrameIndex} has same timestamp ({Timestamp}) as previous frame. Waiting for display to update...", 
+                        Name, frameIndex, frameTimestamp);
+                    await WaitForDisplayLabelToChangeAsync(context.Page, previousTimestamp.Value);
+                    frameTimestamp = await ExtractTimestampFromDisplayAsync(context.Page);
+                    if (frameTimestamp == null || frameTimestamp == previousTimestamp.Value)
                     {
-                        if (context.FrameInfo != null && frameIndex < context.FrameInfo.Count)
+                        if (context.LastUpdatedInfo?.ObservationTime != null && context.FrameInfo != null && frameIndex < context.FrameInfo.Count)
                         {
                             var (_, defaultMinutesAgo) = context.FrameInfo[frameIndex];
-                            minutesAgo = defaultMinutesAgo;
+                            frameTimestamp = context.LastUpdatedInfo.ObservationTime.AddMinutes(-defaultMinutesAgo);
-                            Logger.LogWarning("Step {Step}: Display label did not update for frame {FrameIndex}, using calculated default: {MinutesAgo}", Name, frameIndex, minutesAgo);
+                            Logger.LogWarning("Step {Step}: Display label did not update for frame {FrameIndex}, calculated from observation time: {Timestamp}", 
+                                Name, frameIndex, frameTimestamp);
                         }
                     }
                 }
                 
+                if (frameTimestamp == null)
+                {
+                    Logger.LogError("Step {Step}: Could not determine timestamp for frame {FrameIndex}, skipping", Name, frameIndex);
+                    continue;
+                }
+                
                 var radarFolder = FilePathHelper.GetDataTypeFolderPath(context.CacheFolderPath, CachedDataType.Radar);
                 if (!Directory.Exists(radarFolder))
                 {
@@ -134,13 +145,13 @@ public class CaptureFramesStep : BaseScrapingStep
                 {
                     FrameIndex = frameIndex,
                     ImagePath = framePath,
-                    MinutesAgo = minutesAgo ?? 0
+                    AbsoluteObservationTime = frameTimestamp.Value
                 });
                 
-                previousMinutesAgo = minutesAgo;
+                previousTimestamp = frameTimestamp;
                 
-                Logger.LogInformation("Step {Step}: Frame {FrameIndex} saved: {Path} ({MinutesAgo} minutes ago)", 
+                Logger.LogInformation("Step {Step}: Frame {FrameIndex} saved: {Path} (timestamp: {Timestamp} UTC)", 
-                    Name, frameIndex, framePath, minutesAgo ?? 0);
+                    Name, frameIndex, framePath, frameTimestamp.Value);
                 
                 _cacheService.RecordUpdateProgressByFolder(context.CacheFolderPath, CacheUpdatePhase.CapturingFrames, frameIndex + 1, frameCount);
                 
@@ -150,13 +161,13 @@ public class CaptureFramesStep : BaseScrapingStep
                 {
                     await DismissModalOverlaysAsync(context.Page);
                     
-                    var currentMinutesAgo = await ExtractMinutesAgoFromDisplayAsync(context.Page);
+                    var currentTimestamp = await ExtractTimestampFromDisplayAsync(context.Page);
                     
                     await stepForwardButton.ClickAsync(new LocatorClickOptions { Force = true });
                     
-                    if (currentMinutesAgo.HasValue)
+                    if (currentTimestamp.HasValue)
                     {
-                        await WaitForDisplayLabelToChangeAsync(context.Page, currentMinutesAgo.Value);
+                        await WaitForDisplayLabelToChangeAsync(context.Page, currentTimestamp.Value);
                     }
                     else
                     {
@@ -187,7 +198,10 @@ public class CaptureFramesStep : BaseScrapingStep
         }
     }
     
-    private async Task<int?> ExtractMinutesAgoFromDisplayAsync(IPage page)
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Extracts the UTC timestamp from the frame display label
+    /// </summary>
+    private async Task<DateTime?> ExtractTimestampFromDisplayAsync(IPage page)
     {
         try
         {
@@ -200,7 +214,7 @@ public class CaptureFramesStep : BaseScrapingStep
             }
             
             var trimmedLabel = timeLabel.Trim();
-            Logger.LogInformation("Extracting minutes from display label: '{Label}'", trimmedLabel);
+            Logger.LogInformation("Extracting timestamp from display label: '{Label}'", trimmedLabel);
             
             // Parse timestamp format (current BOM website format): "Wednesday 17 Dec, 11:05 pm" or "17 Dec, 11:05 pm"
             Logger.LogInformation("Trying timestamp pattern: '{Pattern}'", TextPatterns.TimestampPattern);
@@ -209,19 +223,10 @@ public class CaptureFramesStep : BaseScrapingStep
             {
                 var timestampStr = timestampMatch.Groups[0].Value;
                 Logger.LogInformation("Matched timestamp pattern: '{Timestamp}' from label: '{Label}'", timestampStr, trimmedLabel);
-                if (TryParseTimestamp(timestampStr, out var timestamp))
+                if (TryParseTimestamp(timestampStr, out var frameTimestampUtc))
                 {
-                    var minutesAgo = (int)(DateTime.UtcNow - timestamp).TotalMinutes;
+                    Logger.LogInformation("Successfully parsed frame timestamp: {Timestamp} UTC", frameTimestampUtc);
-                    Logger.LogInformation("Parsed timestamp: {Timestamp} UTC, calculated minutes ago: {Minutes}", timestamp, minutesAgo);
+                    return frameTimestampUtc;
-                    if (minutesAgo >= 0 && minutesAgo <= 120) // Reasonable range: 0-2 hours
-                    {
-                        Logger.LogInformation("Successfully calculated minutes ago from timestamp: {Minutes}", minutesAgo);
-                        return minutesAgo;
-                    }
-                    else
-                    {
-                        Logger.LogWarning("Calculated minutes ago ({Minutes}) outside reasonable range (0-120)", minutesAgo);
-                    }
                 }
                 else
                 {
@@ -237,17 +242,27 @@ public class CaptureFramesStep : BaseScrapingStep
         }
         catch (Exception ex)
         {
-            Logger.LogDebug(ex, "Failed to extract minutes from display label");
+            Logger.LogDebug(ex, "Failed to extract timestamp from display label");
             return null;
         }
     }
     
-    private bool TryParseTimestamp(string timestampStr, out DateTime timestamp)
+    private bool TryParseTimestamp(string timestampStr, out DateTime timestampUtc)
     {
-        timestamp = DateTime.MinValue;
+        timestampUtc = DateTime.MinValue;
         
         try
         {
+            // Get configured timezone
+            var timezone = Configuration.GetValue<string>("Timezone");
+            if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(timezone))
+            {
+                Logger.LogWarning("Timezone not configured, cannot parse timestamp correctly");
+                return false;
+            }
+            
+            var timeZoneInfo = TimeZoneInfo.FindSystemTimeZoneById(timezone);
+            
             // Try common Australian date formats
             // Format: "Wednesday 17 Dec, 11:05 pm" or "17 Dec, 11:05 pm"
             var formats = new[]
@@ -261,57 +276,68 @@ public class CaptureFramesStep : BaseScrapingStep
             };
             
             var culture = new System.Globalization.CultureInfo("en-AU");
+            DateTime localTime = default;
+            bool parsed = false;
             
             foreach (var format in formats)
             {
                 if (DateTime.TryParseExact(timestampStr, format, culture, 
-                    System.Globalization.DateTimeStyles.AssumeLocal, out timestamp))
+                    System.Globalization.DateTimeStyles.None, out localTime))
                 {
-                    // If year is not specified, assume current year
+                    parsed = true;
-                    if (timestamp.Year == 1)
+                    break;
-                    {
-                        timestamp = new DateTime(DateTime.Now.Year, timestamp.Month, timestamp.Day, 
-                            timestamp.Hour, timestamp.Minute, timestamp.Second);
-                    }
-                    
-                    // If the parsed time is in the future (likely same day next year), adjust
-                    if (timestamp > DateTime.Now && timestamp < DateTime.Now.AddDays(1))
-                    {
-                        // Already correct
-                    }
-                    else if (timestamp > DateTime.Now)
-                    {
-                        // Likely parsed as next year, adjust to this year
-                        timestamp = timestamp.AddYears(-1);
-                    }
-                    
-                    return true;
                 }
             }
             
-            return false;
+            if (!parsed)
+            {
+                return false;
+            }
+            
+            // If year is not specified, assume current year
+            if (localTime.Year == 1)
+            {
+                localTime = new DateTime(DateTime.Now.Year, localTime.Month, localTime.Day, 
+                    localTime.Hour, localTime.Minute, localTime.Second);
+            }
+            
+            // Get current time in the configured timezone to determine the date
+            var nowInTz = TimeZoneInfo.ConvertTimeFromUtc(DateTime.UtcNow, timeZoneInfo);
+            var dateTimeInTz = nowInTz.Date.Add(localTime.TimeOfDay);
+            
+            // If the time is in the future, it must be from yesterday
+            if (dateTimeInTz > nowInTz)
+            {
+                dateTimeInTz = dateTimeInTz.AddDays(-1);
+            }
+            
+            // Convert to UTC
+            timestampUtc = TimeZoneInfo.ConvertTimeToUtc(dateTimeInTz, timeZoneInfo);
+            
+            return true;
         }
-        catch
+        catch (Exception ex)
         {
+            Logger.LogWarning(ex, "Failed to parse timestamp: {Timestamp}", timestampStr);
             return false;
         }
     }
     
-    private async Task WaitForDisplayLabelToChangeAsync(IPage page, int currentMinutesAgo, int maxWaitMs = 5000)
+    private async Task WaitForDisplayLabelToChangeAsync(IPage page, DateTime currentTimestamp, int maxWaitMs = 5000)
     {
         try
         {
             var startTime = DateTime.UtcNow;
             while ((DateTime.UtcNow - startTime).TotalMilliseconds < maxWaitMs)
             {
-                var newMinutesAgo = await ExtractMinutesAgoFromDisplayAsync(page);
+                var newTimestamp = await ExtractTimestampFromDisplayAsync(page);
-                if (newMinutesAgo.HasValue && newMinutesAgo.Value != currentMinutesAgo)
+                if (newTimestamp.HasValue && newTimestamp.Value != currentTimestamp)
                 {
                     return;
                 }
                 await page.WaitForTimeoutAsync(200);
             }
-            Logger.LogDebug("Display label did not change from {CurrentMinutesAgo} within {MaxWaitMs}ms", currentMinutesAgo, maxWaitMs);
+            Logger.LogDebug("Display label did not change from {CurrentTimestamp} within {MaxWaitMs}ms", currentTimestamp, maxWaitMs);
         }
         catch (Exception ex)
         {

Services/Scraping/WorkflowFactory.cs

@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+using BomLocalService.Services.Scraping.Workflows;
+
 namespace BomLocalService.Services.Scraping;
 
 public class WorkflowFactory : IWorkflowFactory
@@ -13,8 +15,10 @@ public class WorkflowFactory : IWorkflowFactory
     {
         return name switch
         {
-            "RadarScraping" => (IWorkflow<TResponse>)_serviceProvider.GetRequiredService<Workflows.RadarScrapingWorkflow>(),
+            "RadarScraping" => _serviceProvider.GetRequiredService<IRadarScrapingWorkflow>() as IWorkflow<TResponse>
-            "TemperatureMap" => (IWorkflow<TResponse>)_serviceProvider.GetRequiredService<Workflows.TemperatureMapWorkflow>(),
+                ?? throw new InvalidOperationException($"IRadarScrapingWorkflow is not IWorkflow<{typeof(TResponse).Name}>"),
+            "TemperatureMap" => _serviceProvider.GetRequiredService<ITemperatureMapWorkflow>() as IWorkflow<TResponse>
+                ?? throw new InvalidOperationException($"ITemperatureMapWorkflow is not IWorkflow<{typeof(TResponse).Name}>"),
             _ => throw new ArgumentException($"Unknown workflow: {name}")
         };
     }

Services/Scraping/Workflows/IRadarScrapingWorkflow.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+using BomLocalService.Models;
+using BomLocalService.Services.Interfaces.Registration;
+
+namespace BomLocalService.Services.Scraping.Workflows;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Concrete interface for radar scraping workflow (hides generic IWorkflow&lt;RadarResponse&gt;)
+/// </summary>
+public interface IRadarScrapingWorkflow : IWorkflow<RadarResponse>, IScopedService
+{
+}
+

Services/Scraping/Workflows/ITemperatureMapWorkflow.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+using BomLocalService.Models;
+using BomLocalService.Services.Interfaces.Registration;
+
+namespace BomLocalService.Services.Scraping.Workflows;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Concrete interface for temperature map workflow (hides generic IWorkflow&lt;RadarResponse&gt;)
+/// </summary>
+public interface ITemperatureMapWorkflow : IWorkflow<RadarResponse>, IScopedService
+{
+}
+

Services/Scraping/Workflows/RadarScrapingWorkflow.cs

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ using BomLocalService.Utilities;
 
 namespace BomLocalService.Services.Scraping.Workflows;
 
-public class RadarScrapingWorkflow : IWorkflow<RadarResponse>
+public class RadarScrapingWorkflow : IRadarScrapingWorkflow
 {
     private readonly ILogger<RadarScrapingWorkflow> _logger;
     private readonly IScrapingStepRegistry _stepRegistry;

Services/Scraping/Workflows/TemperatureMapWorkflow.cs

@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ namespace BomLocalService.Services.Scraping.Workflows;
 /// <summary>
 /// Future workflow for temperature map scraping (not yet implemented)
 /// </summary>
-public class TemperatureMapWorkflow : IWorkflow<RadarResponse>
+public class TemperatureMapWorkflow : ITemperatureMapWorkflow
 {
     private readonly ILogger<TemperatureMapWorkflow> _logger;
     

Services/TimeParsingService.cs

@@ -67,113 +67,77 @@ public class TimeParsingService : ITimeParsingService
         }
         catch (Exception ex)
         {
-            _logger.LogWarning(ex, "Failed to extract last updated information");
+            _logger.LogError(ex, "Failed to extract last updated information");
-            return new LastUpdatedInfo
+            throw;
-            {
-                ObservationTime = DateTime.UtcNow,
-                ForecastTime = DateTime.UtcNow
-            };
         }
     }
 
     /// <summary>
     /// Parses last updated text to extract observation time, forecast time, weather station, and distance
+    /// Parses actual time strings to UTC timestamps - client calculates "minutes ago" dynamically
     /// </summary>
     public LastUpdatedInfo ParseLastUpdatedText(string text)
     {
         var info = new LastUpdatedInfo();
         _logger.LogInformation("Parsing last updated text: {Text}", text);
 
-        // Parse observation time - use "minutes ago" as primary source for accuracy
+        // Parse observation time from time string (e.g., "9:40 pm AEST")
-        // "Minutes ago" is reliable and doesn't require date guessing
+        // Ignore "minutes ago" - client will calculate this dynamically from UTC timestamp
-        // Time string is used only as fallback if "minutes ago" is unavailable
+        var observationMatch = Regex.Match(text, @"Observations:\s*(?:\d+\s*minutes?\s*ago)?[,\s]+([\d:]+(?:\s*[ap]m)?)\s+([A-Z]{3,4})(?:at|\s+at|,|$)", RegexOptions.IgnoreCase);
-        var minutesAgoMatch = Regex.Match(text, @"Observations:\s*(\d+)\s*minutes?\s*ago", RegexOptions.IgnoreCase);
+        if (observationMatch.Success && observationMatch.Groups.Count >= 3 && observationMatch.Groups[1].Success)
-        if (minutesAgoMatch.Success && int.TryParse(minutesAgoMatch.Groups[1].Value, out var minutesAgo))
         {
-            // Use "minutes ago" as primary source - it's accurate and doesn't require date guessing
+            var timeStr = observationMatch.Groups[1].Value.Trim();
-            info.ObservationTime = DateTime.UtcNow.AddMinutes(-minutesAgo);
+            var timezoneStr = observationMatch.Groups[2].Success ? observationMatch.Groups[2].Value.Trim() : null;
-            _logger.LogInformation("Calculated observation time from 'minutes ago': {MinutesAgo} minutes ago = {Time} UTC", 
+            
-                minutesAgo, info.ObservationTime);
+            // Clean up timezone string - remove "at" if it got concatenated (e.g., "AESTat" -> "AEST")
-        }
+            if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(timezoneStr) && timezoneStr.EndsWith("at", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase) && timezoneStr.Length > 2)
-        else
-        {
-            // Fallback to time string parsing only if "minutes ago" is not available
-            var observationMatch = Regex.Match(text, @"Observations:\s*(?:\d+\s*minutes?\s*ago)?[,\s]+([\d:]+(?:\s*[ap]m)?)\s+([A-Z]{3,4})(?:at|\s+at|,|$)", RegexOptions.IgnoreCase);
-            if (observationMatch.Success && observationMatch.Groups.Count >= 3 && observationMatch.Groups[1].Success)
             {
-                var timeStr = observationMatch.Groups[1].Value.Trim();
+                timezoneStr = timezoneStr.Substring(0, timezoneStr.Length - 2);
-                var timezoneStr = observationMatch.Groups[2].Success ? observationMatch.Groups[2].Value.Trim() : null;
+            }
-                
+            
-                // Clean up timezone string - remove "at" if it got concatenated (e.g., "AESTat" -> "AEST")
+            if (TryParseTimeString(timeStr, timezoneStr, out var observationTime))
-                if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(timezoneStr) && timezoneStr.EndsWith("at", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase) && timezoneStr.Length > 2)
+            {
-                {
+                info.ObservationTime = observationTime;
-                    timezoneStr = timezoneStr.Substring(0, timezoneStr.Length - 2);
+                _logger.LogInformation("Parsed observation time: {Time} UTC (from '{TimeStr}' {TzStr})", 
-                }
+                    observationTime, timeStr, timezoneStr ?? "default timezone");
-                
-                if (TryParseTimeString(timeStr, timezoneStr, out var observationTime))
-                {
-                    info.ObservationTime = observationTime;
-                    _logger.LogInformation("Used time string fallback for observation time: {Time} UTC (from '{TimeStr}' {TzStr})", 
-                        observationTime, timeStr, timezoneStr ?? "default timezone");
-                }
-                else
-                {
-                    _logger.LogWarning("Failed to parse observation time from both 'minutes ago' and time string, using current time");
-                    info.ObservationTime = DateTime.UtcNow;
-                }
             }
             else
             {
-                _logger.LogWarning("No observation time found in text, using current time");
+                _logger.LogError("Failed to parse observation time from time string '{TimeStr}' with timezone '{TzStr}'", timeStr, timezoneStr ?? "default");
-                info.ObservationTime = DateTime.UtcNow;
+                throw new InvalidOperationException($"Failed to parse observation time from text: {text}");
             }
         }
-
-        // Parse forecast time - use "minutes ago" or "an hour ago" as primary source
-        // Handle both "X minutes ago" and "an hour ago" formats
-        var forecastMinutesAgoMatch = Regex.Match(text, @"Forecast:\s*(\d+)\s*minutes?\s*ago", RegexOptions.IgnoreCase);
-        var forecastHourAgoMatch = Regex.Match(text, @"Forecast:\s*an\s+hour\s+ago", RegexOptions.IgnoreCase);
-
-        if (forecastMinutesAgoMatch.Success && int.TryParse(forecastMinutesAgoMatch.Groups[1].Value, out var forecastMinutesAgo))
-        {
-            // Use "minutes ago" as primary source
-            info.ForecastTime = DateTime.UtcNow.AddMinutes(-forecastMinutesAgo);
-            _logger.LogInformation("Calculated forecast time from 'minutes ago': {MinutesAgo} minutes ago = {Time} UTC", 
-                forecastMinutesAgo, info.ForecastTime);
-        }
-        else if (forecastHourAgoMatch.Success)
-        {
-            // Handle "an hour ago" format
-            info.ForecastTime = DateTime.UtcNow.AddHours(-1);
-            _logger.LogInformation("Calculated forecast time from 'an hour ago': {Time} UTC", info.ForecastTime);
-        }
         else
         {
-            // Fallback to time string parsing only if "minutes ago" or "an hour ago" is not available
+            _logger.LogError("No observation time found in text: {Text}", text);
-            var forecastMatch = Regex.Match(text, @"Forecast:\s*(?:an\s+hour\s+ago|\d+\s*minutes?\s*ago)?[,\s]*([\d:]+(?:\s*[ap]m)?)\s+([A-Z]+)(?:\s+at|$)", RegexOptions.IgnoreCase);
+            throw new InvalidOperationException($"Could not find observation time in text: {text}");
-            if (forecastMatch.Success && forecastMatch.Groups[1].Success)
+        }
+
+        // Parse forecast time from time string (e.g., "7:50 pm AEST")
+        // Ignore "minutes ago" - client will calculate this dynamically from UTC timestamp
+        var forecastMatch = Regex.Match(text, @"Forecast:\s*(?:an\s+hour\s+ago|\d+\s*minutes?\s*ago)?[,\s]*([\d:]+(?:\s*[ap]m)?)\s+([A-Z]+)(?:\s+at|$)", RegexOptions.IgnoreCase);
+        if (forecastMatch.Success && forecastMatch.Groups[1].Success)
+        {
+            var timeStr = forecastMatch.Groups[1].Value.Trim();
+            var timezoneStr = forecastMatch.Groups[2].Success ? forecastMatch.Groups[2].Value.Trim() : null;
+            
+            if (TryParseTimeString(timeStr, timezoneStr, out var forecastTime))
             {
-                var timeStr = forecastMatch.Groups[1].Value.Trim();
+                info.ForecastTime = forecastTime;
-                var timezoneStr = forecastMatch.Groups[2].Success ? forecastMatch.Groups[2].Value.Trim() : null;
+                _logger.LogInformation("Parsed forecast time: {Time} UTC (from '{TimeStr}' {TzStr})", 
-                
+                    forecastTime, timeStr, timezoneStr ?? "default timezone");
-                if (TryParseTimeString(timeStr, timezoneStr, out var forecastTime))
-                {
-                    info.ForecastTime = forecastTime;
-                    _logger.LogInformation("Used time string fallback for forecast time: {Time} UTC (from '{TimeStr}' {TzStr})", 
-                        forecastTime, timeStr, timezoneStr ?? "default timezone");
-                }
-                else
-                {
-                    _logger.LogWarning("Failed to parse forecast time from both 'minutes ago' and time string, using current time");
-                    info.ForecastTime = DateTime.UtcNow;
-                }
             }
             else
             {
-                _logger.LogWarning("No forecast time found in text, using current time");
+                _logger.LogError("Failed to parse forecast time from time string '{TimeStr}' with timezone '{TzStr}'", timeStr, timezoneStr ?? "default");
-                info.ForecastTime = DateTime.UtcNow;
+                throw new InvalidOperationException($"Failed to parse forecast time from text: {text}");
             }
         }
+        else
+        {
+            _logger.LogError("No forecast time found in text: {Text}", text);
+            throw new InvalidOperationException($"Could not find forecast time in text: {text}");
+        }
 
         // Extract weather station name
         var stationMatch = Regex.Match(text, @"at\s+([^,]+)\s+weather\s+station", RegexOptions.IgnoreCase);
@@ -256,8 +220,7 @@ public class TimeParsingService : ITimeParsingService
             var dateTimeInTz = nowInTz.Date.Add(localTime.TimeOfDay);
             
             // Only adjust to yesterday if the time is clearly in the future
-            // Don't use the 12-hour threshold - it's too aggressive for recent observations
+            // This ensures we get the correct date for the observation/forecast time
-            // This method is now only used as fallback when "minutes ago" is unavailable
             if (dateTimeInTz > nowInTz)
             {
                 // Time is in the future, so it must be from yesterday

Utilities/ResponseBuilder.cs

@@ -63,19 +63,8 @@ public static class ResponseBuilder
             }
         }
 
-        // Calculate AbsoluteObservationTime for all frames if metadata is available
+        // AbsoluteObservationTime is already set during capture, no calculation needed
         // This ensures consistency with the time series endpoint
-        if (metadata != null && metadata.ObservationTime > DateTime.MinValue.AddYears(1))
-        {
-            foreach (var frame in frames)
-            {
-                // Only calculate if not already set and MinutesAgo is valid
-                if (!frame.AbsoluteObservationTime.HasValue && frame.MinutesAgo >= 0)
-                {
-                    frame.AbsoluteObservationTime = metadata.ObservationTime.AddMinutes(-frame.MinutesAgo);
-                }
-            }
-        }
 
         // Calculate NextUpdateTime based on cache status:
         // - If cache is valid: NextUpdateTime = max(CacheExpiresAt, next background service check)

Views/RadarTest/Index.cshtml

@@ -1222,32 +1222,37 @@
                     });
                 });
                 
+                // Filter out frames without absoluteObservationTime (backend should have filtered these, so this catches bugs)
+                const invalidFrames = allFrames.filter((frame, idx) => !frame.absoluteObservationTime);
+                if (invalidFrames.length > 0) {
+                    console.error('Backend returned frames missing absoluteObservationTime (should have been filtered):', {
+                        count: invalidFrames.length,
+                        frames: invalidFrames.map((f, idx) => ({
+                            index: idx,
+                            frameIndex: f.frameIndex,
+                            cacheFolder: f.cacheFolderName,
+                            imageUrl: f.imageUrl
+                        }))
+                    });
+                }
+                const validFrames = allFrames.filter(frame => frame.absoluteObservationTime);
+                
                 // Validate chronological order to detect backend issues
                 let previousTime = null;
                 const outOfOrderFrames = [];
-                allFrames.forEach((frame, idx) => {
+                validFrames.forEach((frame, idx) => {
-                    if (frame.absoluteObservationTime) {
+                    const currentTime = new Date(frame.absoluteObservationTime).getTime();
-                        const currentTime = new Date(frame.absoluteObservationTime).getTime();
+                    if (previousTime !== null && currentTime < previousTime) {
-                        if (previousTime !== null && currentTime < previousTime) {
+                        outOfOrderFrames.push({
-                            outOfOrderFrames.push({
+                            index: idx,
-                                index: idx,
-                                frameIndex: frame.frameIndex,
-                                cacheFolder: frame.cacheFolderName,
-                                absoluteTime: frame.absoluteObservationTime,
-                                previousTime: new Date(previousTime).toISOString(),
-                                timeDiffMinutes: (currentTime - previousTime) / 1000 / 60
-                            });
-                        }
-                        previousTime = currentTime;
-                    } else {
-                        // Missing absoluteObservationTime is also an issue
-                        console.warn(`Frame at index ${idx} missing absoluteObservationTime`, {
                             frameIndex: frame.frameIndex,
                             cacheFolder: frame.cacheFolderName,
-                            minutesAgo: frame.minutesAgo,
+                            absoluteTime: frame.absoluteObservationTime,
-                            observationTime: frame.observationTime
+                            previousTime: new Date(previousTime).toISOString(),
+                            timeDiffMinutes: (currentTime - previousTime) / 1000 / 60
                         });
                     }
+                    previousTime = currentTime;
                 });
                 
                 if (outOfOrderFrames.length > 0) {
@@ -1257,6 +1262,10 @@
                     });
                 }
                 
+                // Use only valid frames going forward
+                allFrames.length = 0;
+                allFrames.push(...validFrames);
+                
                 // Re-index frames sequentially for display
                 allFrames.forEach((frame, idx) => {
                     frame.sequentialIndex = idx;
@@ -1988,10 +1997,9 @@
             // Update time display
             const timeDisplay = document.getElementById('current-frame-time');
             if (timeDisplay) {
-                if (isExtendedMode && frame.absoluteObservationTime) {
+                if (frame.absoluteObservationTime) {
-                    timeDisplay.textContent = formatDate(frame.absoluteObservationTime);
+                    const minutesAgo = Math.round((Date.now() - new Date(frame.absoluteObservationTime).getTime()) / 60000);
-                } else if (frame.minutesAgo !== undefined) {
+                    timeDisplay.textContent = `${minutesAgo} min ago`;
-                    timeDisplay.textContent = `${frame.minutesAgo} min ago`;
                 } else {
                     timeDisplay.textContent = '-';
                 }
@@ -2075,7 +2083,10 @@
                     : (frame.cacheTimestamp ? formatDate(frame.cacheTimestamp) : '');
                 altText = `Radar frame ${frameNum}${timeInfo ? ' (' + timeInfo + ')' : ''}`;
             } else {
-                altText = `Radar frame ${frame.frameIndex} (${frame.minutesAgo} minutes ago)`;
+                const minutesAgo = frame.absoluteObservationTime 
+                    ? Math.round((Date.now() - new Date(frame.absoluteObservationTime).getTime()) / 60000)
+                    : null;
+                altText = `Radar frame ${frame.frameIndex}${minutesAgo !== null ? ` (${minutesAgo} minutes ago)` : ''}`;
             }
             
             // Check if image is already loaded (from preload)
@@ -2103,8 +2114,11 @@
                 document.getElementById('frame-info').textContent = 
                     `Frame ${frameNum} of ${frames.length - 1}${timeInfo ? ' • ' + timeInfo : ''}`;
             } else {
+                const minutesAgo = frame.absoluteObservationTime 
+                    ? Math.round((Date.now() - new Date(frame.absoluteObservationTime).getTime()) / 60000)
+                    : null;
                 document.getElementById('frame-info').textContent = 
-                    `Frame ${frame.frameIndex} of ${frames.length - 1} • ${frame.minutesAgo} minutes ago`;
+                    `Frame ${frame.frameIndex} of ${frames.length - 1}${minutesAgo !== null ? ` • ${minutesAgo} minutes ago` : ''}`;
             }
         }